In the field of photonics and telecommunications, electro‐optical devices facilitate the manipulation and transmission of light for diverse applications. This page details advanced materials that support the development of electro‐optical devices, enhance their efficiency and extend their role in modern technology.

Lithiumniobate (LiNbO3):

• Introduction: Lithium niobate is used in various electro‐optical devices due to its electro‐optical and piezoelectric properties.
• Applications: It is widely applied in modulators, switches and frequency converters because it can modify light polarisation under an electric field.

Gallium Arsenide (GaAs):

• Introduction: Gallium arsenide is a compound semiconductor that exhibits precise optical and electronic properties.
• Applications: It is applied in electro‐optical modulators, detectors and integrated circuits for telecommunications and high‐speed data transfer.

Polymer-Based Materials:

• Introduction: Polymer materials with electro‐optical properties offer adaptability and straightforward integration into various device architectures.
• Applications: They are used in waveguide modulators and flexible optical circuits that provide lighter designs and functional performance.

Silicon Photonics:

• Introduction: Integrating silicon in photonic applications allows the combination of electronics and optics on a single chip.
• Applications: It is used in electro‐optical switches, modulators and interconnects that contribute to compact and energy‐efficient devices.

Magnesium Oxide‑Doped Lithium Tantalate (MgO:LiTaO3):

• Introduction: Lithium tantalate doped with magnesium oxide exhibits improved electro‐optical properties.
• Applications: It is employed in modulators and frequency converters to provide increased performance and stability.

Chalcogenide Glasses:

• Introduction: Chalcogenide glasses possess specific optical and electrical properties suitable for infrared applications.
• Applications: They are used in modulators and sensors operating in the infrared spectrum, thereby supporting applications in communication and sensing.

Photonic Crystals:

• Introduction: Photonic crystals are fabricated materials with periodic structures that allow control of light propagation and scattering.
• Applications: They are integrated in electro‐optical devices to restrict and manipulate light, thereby contributing to improved device performance.

Metamaterials:

• Introduction: Metamaterials have engineered electromagnetic properties that permit customised control over light behaviour.
• Applications: They are utilised in electro‐optical devices to achieve specified optical responses, thereby contributing to innovations in lenses, modulators and concealment systems.

Graphene:

• Introduction: Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms, displays distinct electronic and optical properties.
• Applications: It is used in electro‐optical modulators and photodetectors, thereby indicating potential for rapid and compact devices.