Converters & Calculators
Fermium: Element Properties And Uses
Description
Fermium (Fm) is a highly radioactive, synthesised metal with an atomic number of 100. It is produced in nuclear reactors and during high‐energy explosions. Owing to its short half‐life and limited availability, Fermium is principally employed in scientific research.
Introduction to the Element
Fermium is a synthesised element that occupies a distinct position among the transuranium elements. It was first discovered in the debris of a thermonuclear explosion and constitutes an important milestone in nuclear science. The element is named in honour of the physicist Enrico Fermi. Fermium is produced only in minimal quantities and, because of its strong radioactivity and extremely short half‐life, is confined to specialised laboratories. In scientific discourse, it is examined not only for its position in the periodic table but also for the quantitative data it provides regarding the behaviour of heavy radioactive nuclei.
Description of Chemical Properties
As a member of the actinide series, Fermium exhibits properties typical of heavy radioactive elements. Researchers expect it to show metallic behaviour and form compounds comparable to those of other actinides. Given that only limited quantities are available, many of these properties have been predicted using theoretical models rather than measured through direct experimental data.
Table of Data on Physical Properties
|
Property |
Value |
Notes |
|
Atomic Number |
100 |
Synthesised element produced in minimal quantities |
|
Atomic Weight |
~257 |
Approximately based on the Fermium-257 isotope |
|
State at Room Temperature |
Presumably solid |
Not observed in bulk due to high radioactivity |
|
Melting Point |
Unknown |
Insufficient quantity available for experimental measurement |
|
Density |
~13 g/cm³ |
Theoretically estimated density |
Further information is available at Stanford Advanced Materials (SAM).
Common Applications
Because of its scarcity and high radioactivity, Fermium is not used in everyday applications. Instead, its use is largely confined to scientific research. It is primarily utilised in nuclear physics experiments, thereby assisting researchers in examining the properties of heavy elements under extreme conditions. Researchers employ Fermium to test predictions from nuclear models and to obtain data regarding the forces that govern the structure of atomic nuclei.
Additionally, small quantities of Fermium have been used as a calibration tool for nuclear instruments. The precise measurement of the radioactive decay patterns of Fermium isotopes has contributed to the refinement of detection techniques for other radioactive substances. Although Fermium itself is not applied in industry, the experimental techniques developed for its study have led to further advancements in nuclear science.
Preparation Methods
The methods for preparing Fermium are complex and demanding. The element is produced by bombarding lighter elements such as uranium or plutonium with a high neutron flux. In nuclear reactors or during thermonuclear explosions, this neutron bombardment triggers a series of nuclear reactions that result in the formation of Fermium. Given that the synthesis requires intensive neutron environments, Fermium can only be produced in specialised facilities equipped with nuclear reactors or particle accelerators.
The production process involves several stages. These include the irradiation of target materials, chemical separation procedures to isolate the newly formed element, and prompt analysis to detect Fermium before it decays. Owing to the short half-lives of its isotopes, researchers must act swiftly in order to conduct experiments and measure its properties. Consequently, these preparation procedures are strictly controlled to ensure that the small quantities of Fermium produced are safely managed and investigated.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Fermium?
Fermium is a synthesised, highly radioactive element that belongs to the actinide series and is produced in specialised nuclear reactions.
How is Fermium produced?
It is produced by bombarding lighter elements such as uranium or plutonium with neutrons in nuclear reactors or during thermonuclear explosions.
Why is Fermium not used in everyday products?
Due to its extreme radioactivity and scarcity, Fermium is used exclusively in research and is not commercially viable.
What are the key chemical properties of Fermium?
It is expected to exhibit metallic behaviour and form trivalent ions, although many of its properties are predicted on the basis of limited experimental data.
Are there industrial products related to Fermium research?
Yes, research into Fermium has contributed to the development of modern radiation detectors, safety systems and nuclear measuring instruments.
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