Converters & Calculators
Holmium: Element Properties And Uses
Description
Holmium, atomic number 67, is a rare‐earth metal with specific chemical and physical properties. It is used in scientific lasers, magnetic materials and nuclear technology applications.
Introduction to the Element
Holmium is an element that belongs to the lanthanide series of the periodic table. It was discovered in 1879 by the Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve and has been systematically studied for its measured properties. In academic research, its magnetic and spectral characteristics have been examined in relation to the electrons in the 4f orbitals. These properties have led to its use in specialised scientific devices and industrial processes.
Studies have quantified the element’s behaviour, thereby confirming its role in scientific instrumentation and technological applications.
Description of Chemical Properties
Holmium typically exhibits a stable trivalent state, forming compounds primarily in the +3 oxidation state. Its electron configuration, [Xe] 4f^11 6s^2, underlies many of its chemical behaviours. The metal shows a relatively low reactivity with water and reacts more readily with acids, thereby forming holmium salts. This behaviour is characteristic of many rare‐earth elements given that the 4f electrons are shielded by the outer electron shells.
Holmium compounds, such as oxides, halides and nitrates, have been extensively studied for their spectral and magnetic properties. These compounds are applied in various chemical processes including catalysis and high-temperature reactions. The stability of the +3 oxidation state permits participation in reactions without rapid change, consequently making it suitable for industrial chemical processes and contributing to the durability of materials.
Table of Physical Properties
|
Property |
Value |
Unit |
Description |
|
Atomic Number |
67 |
- |
Number of protons in the nucleus |
|
Atomic Mass |
164.93033 |
g/mol |
Average mass of Holmium atoms |
|
Density |
8.8 |
g/cm³ |
Mass per unit volume of the metal |
|
1 474 |
°C |
Temperature at which Holmium becomes liquid |
|
|
Boiling Point |
2 700 |
°C |
Temperature at which Holmium becomes gaseous |
|
Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f^11 6s^2 |
- |
Arrangement of electrons in the atom |
|
Crystal Structure |
Hexagonally close-packed |
- |
Ordered atomic arrangement in the solid state |
Further information is available at Stanford Advanced Materials (SAM).
Common Applications
Holmium is employed in various advanced fields due to its specific physical and chemical properties. Its principal applications include:
Medical Lasers: Holmium lasers are frequently used in medical procedures, particularly in methods such as lithotripsy and a range of surgical operations. These lasers provide precise incisions with minimal thermal damage to adjacent tissue.
Magnetic Materials: Owing to its distinct magnetic properties, Holmium is utilised in the production of high-performance magnets. These magnets serve as essential components in modern electronic devices and data storage systems.
Nuclear Technology: Holmium functions as an effective neutron absorber and is therefore incorporated in control rods within nuclear reactors and associated safety systems in nuclear facilities.
Optical Devices: The spectral characteristics of Holmium are applied in the development of specific optical filters and imaging systems, thereby enhancing performance in optical applications.
Preparation Methods
Holmium is extracted from rare‐earth ores such as monazite and bastnäsite. The extraction process involves ore processing, chemical separation (solvent extraction, ion exchange), reduction (metallothermic) and purification. These steps yield high-purity Holmium for industrial and scientific applications.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Holmium and where does it originate from?
Holmium is a rare‐earth element that is primarily obtained from minerals such as monazite and bastnäsite. It is widely used in various high-technology industries.
How is Holmium prepared for industrial use?
It is produced by crushing rare‐earth ores, chemically isolating Holmium and then reducing the compound via metallothermic processes to obtain pure metal.
What distinguishes the chemical properties of Holmium?
Holmium generally exhibits an oxidation state of +3. Its electron configuration leads to the formation of stable compounds that are applied in numerous chemical reactions and industrial processes.
What are some common applications of Holmium?
Its applications include medical lasers for precision surgeries, high-performance magnets in electronic devices and materials used in nuclear control systems.
Which sectors benefit most from Holmium?
The electronics, healthcare, nuclear and materials manufacturing sectors benefit from the element’s magnetic and spectral properties.
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