Converters & Calculators
Thulium: Element Properties And Uses
Description
Thulium is a rare earth element used in portable X‐ray apparatus, lasers and optical fibres. Its luminescent properties are utilised in medical imaging and specific technical applications.
Introduction to the Element
Thulium is a rare earth element with an atomic number of 69. It is among the least abundant lanthanides in nature. Despite its scarcity, researchers have examined its chemical properties and distinct applications.
Description of Chemical Properties
Thulium belongs to the lanthanides and has an electron configuration of [Xe]4f^13 6s^2, which influences its chemical behaviour. It typically forms trivalent compounds such as Tm₂O₃. This description indicates its tendency to adopt the +3 oxidation state, a characteristic common among rare earth elements. When exposed to air, thulium oxidises slowly, thereby forming a stable oxide layer that protects the metal from rapid corrosion.
Physical Properties Data Table
|
Property |
Value |
|
Atomic number |
69 |
|
Atomic mass |
168.934 |
|
Melting point |
1545 °C |
|
Boiling point |
Approximately 1950 °C |
|
Density |
9.32 g/cm³ |
Further details are available at Stanford Advanced Materials (SAM).
Common Applications
Thulium is employed in various high-technology applications due to its specific characteristics. One common application involves its use in portable X‐ray apparatus. Radioactive isotopes of thulium have been integrated in compact devices, thereby providing localised X‐ray sources for medical diagnostics and security purposes.
Furthermore, thulium is used in the production of specialised lasers that require a narrow emission spectrum. These lasers are utilised in spectroscopy and precision machining.
Thulium is also incorporated in the fabrication of certain industrial products. For example, thulium‐doped materials are used in the manufacture of high‐performance alloys. Given that its chemical and physical properties remain stable under extreme conditions, it is employed in components of nuclear reactors.
Preparation Methods
The extraction of thulium is complex and requires careful separation from other rare earth elements. Initially, thulium is extracted from its ores using solvent extraction and ion‐exchange techniques. Following separation, a metallothermic reduction process is applied to produce pure thulium metal. In this process, thulium compounds are reduced with a reactive metal at high temperatures. This method minimises impurities and ensures that the final product meets the stringent purity standards necessary for precision lasers and medical instruments.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the atomic number of thulium?
Thulium has an atomic number of 69.
How does thulium typically react with oxygen?
Thulium oxidises slowly in air and forms a stable oxide layer that safeguards the metal.
How is thulium commonly used in industry?
Thulium is utilised in portable X‐ray apparatus, specialised lasers and as a component in high‐performance alloys.
Which preparation methods are typically employed to extract thulium?
Solvent extraction and ion‐exchange, followed by metallothermic reduction, are standard methods used.
How do the properties of thulium contribute to its use in associated industrial products?
Its chemical and physical properties, including a consistent oxidation state and a high melting point, render it suitable for precision applications and durable products.
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