Hyaluronan 101: An Overview

Hyaluronic acid is a natural substance found in the human body. It is best known for its ability to retain moisture. This substance is present in the skin, joints, and eyes. It acts as a lubricant and cushion in tissues. Its water-holding capacity helps support healthy skin and proper joint function.

Nomenclature

Hyaluronic acid is also known by the name hyaluronan. This is the same substance. The change from the term hyaluronic acid to hyaluronan occurred as scientists attempted to define the structure of the molecule. This term is used by practitioners of medicine and cosmetology.

Structure of Hyaluronic Acid

The structure of hyaluronic acid comprises repeating units of two different sugars. These sugars are known as glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. These two sugars combine into long chains. These chains of sugars can be lengthy, giving this molecule a high weight. The combination of the sugars gives the substance special properties. The long chains of this substance allow it to hold water and provide a slippery texture.

Chemistry and Physical Properties of Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic acid is a type of glycosaminoglycan. Its chemical makeup is straightforward yet effective. The molecule is long and flexible. It carries many negative charges along its chain. This causes it to attract water. In fact, one gram of hyaluronan can bind as much as six litres of water. This high water retention explains its use in skincare and joint treatments. In addition, the substance is highly viscous. Its gel-like nature makes it a preferred ingredient in many health products. Its physical form varies from a thin solution to a thick gel based on its concentration and molecular weight.

Further reading: Hyaluronic Acid: Types, Uses, and Health Benefits

Biological Roles

Hyaluronic acid performs many important roles in the body. It is essential for the hydration of the skin. In the body's joints, it serves as a shock absorber. The eyes also benefit from the lubricating effect of hyaluronic acid. In the skin, it plays an important role in the regeneration of cells. In the process of wound healing, hyaluronan is vital for the development of new tissues. The various functions of hyaluronic acid are crucial for the proper functioning of the body.

The high molecular weight hyaluronan is not permanent in the body. It is broken down gradually. The breakdown occurs through specific enzymes called hyaluronidases. The breakdown of the molecule occurs when it is no longer needed or is damaged. The broken-down molecules exhibit different activities. The breakdown of the molecules is the body's mechanism for renewal. It ensures that damaged molecules are replaced with new ones.

Hyaluronan Synthesis

Hyaluronan synthesis is a cellular process. It is synthesised at the inner surface of the cell membrane. Enzymes add sugar units one at a time to the chain. This is a precise process and is important for the synthesis of the final product. Finally, the synthesised hyaluronan is released into the extracellular space. There, it possesses its characteristic properties of holding water. This synthesis is controlled and adjusted to meet the changing demands of the body.

In addition to natural synthesis, hyaluronan is also produced on an industrial scale to meet the demands of the biomedical industry. This is achieved through the following methods:

• Microbial fermentation. This method involves the use of genetically engineered strains of Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Bacillus subtilis.
• Recombinant expression systems. This method involves the use of yeast and bacteria hosts that have been genetically modified to express the HAS gene.
• Enzymatic synthesis. This method employs enzymes that are used to synthesise hyaluronan in vitro.
• Tissue extraction. This method is less common and involves the extraction of hyaluronan from animal tissues such as rooster comb and vitreous humour.

These diverse production routes allow manufacturers to tailor hyaluronan for specific applications, adjusting parameters such as molecular weight, viscosity, and purity depending on the end use—whether for injectable dermal fillers, ophthalmic solutions, joint supplements, or wound dressings.

Further reading: 2 Different Ways to Produce Hyaluronic Acid and Its Applications

Related Products

Many products contain hyaluronan today. Skincare items such as creams and serums utilise it to support hydration. It appears in injections used to alleviate joint pain in conditions such as arthritis. Ophthalmic solutions also contain hyaluronan for its lubricating properties. Some products in wound care utilise hyaluronan to accelerate healing. Its versatility has made it a staple ingredient in both medical and cosmetic industries.

Conclusion

Hyaluronan remains a significant molecule with many beneficial effects. Its ability to hold water makes it invaluable in skin care, joint health, and tissue repair. The molecule has a rich history in scientific research and product development. Today, it remains a reliable ingredient in various applications. With its simple structure and effective properties, hyaluronan continues to impact health and wellness.

Frequently Asked Questions

F: What role does hyaluronan play in the skin?
Q: It helps retain moisture and supports skin elasticity and healing.

F: How is hyaluronan produced in the body?
Q: It is synthesised at the inner surface of cell membranes by specialised enzymes.

F: Can hyaluronan be used in joint treatments?
Q: Yes, it is commonly found in injections that alleviate joint pain and improve lubrication.