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An extremely energetic supernova from a very massive star in a dense medium

Title	An extremely energetic supernova from a very massive star in a dense medium
Authors	Matt Nicholl, Peter K. Blanchard, Edo Berger, Ryan Chornock, Raffaella Margutti, Sebastian Gomez, Ragnhild Lunnan, Adam A. Miller, Wen-fai Fong, Giacomo Terreran, Alejandro Vigna-Gomez, Kornpob Bhirombhakdi, Allyson Bieryla, Pete Challis, Russ R. Laher, F
Date	04/13/2020
DOI	10.1038/s41550-020-1066-7
Introduction	Supernova interactions with a surrounding circumstellar medium (CSM) significantly boost luminosity by transforming kinetic energy into thermal energy. Superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) of Type IIn, characterised by narrow hydrogen lines, can emit up to ∼10^51 erg, representing the thermalisation of substantial kinetic energy from a standard supernova. While some transient events in active galactic centres exhibit comparable spectra and greater energies, differentiating them from supermassive black hole accretion remains challenging. This study introduces SN2016aps, a novel event located away from a low-mass galaxy's centre, which emitted ≳5×10^51 erg. This output indicates a hyper-energetic supernova explosion. Analysis suggests a combined mass (supernova ejecta and CSM) potentially above 50-100 solar masses, with an energy output exceeding ≳10^52 erg. These figures align with theoretical models for pair-instability supernovae (PISNe) or pulsational PISNe, which are thermonuclear explosions predicted for helium cores larger than 50 solar masses. Regardless of the underlying explosion process, SN2016aps confirms the occurrence of exceptionally powerful stellar explosions, observable at extremely high redshifts, and offers valuable understanding of dense CSM development in the largest stars.
Quote	Matt Nicholl, Peter K. Blanchard and Edo Berger et al. An extremely energetic supernova from a very massive star in a dense medium. 2020. DOI: 10.1038/s41550-020-1066-7
Element	Hydrogen (H) , Helium (He)
Industry	Space , Research & Laboratory

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