Life cycle environmental assessment of lithium-ion and nickel metal hydride batteries for plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles.

Title	Life cycle environmental assessment of lithium-ion and nickel metal hydride batteries for plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles.
Authors	Anders Strømman, Phillip T Hawkins, G R Majeau
Magazine	Environmental Science & Technology
Date	05/15/2011
DOI	10.1021/es103607c
Introduction	This research evaluates the environmental impacts of nickel metal hydride (NiMH), nickel cobalt manganese lithium-ion (NCM), and iron phosphate lithium-ion (LFP) batteries used in plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles. The study provides a detailed life cycle inventory, examining energy storage and midpoint environmental indicators. Results reveal that NiMH batteries have the highest environmental impact, followed by NCM and LFP, except for ozone depletion potential. The study uncovers higher global warming emissions than previously reported and pinpoints key processes and value chains contributing to these emissions, offering an adaptable environmental performance assessment for varying powertrains.
Quote	Anders Hammer Strømman, Phillip T Hawkins and G R Majeau. Life cycle environmental assessment of lithium-ion and nickel metal hydride batteries for plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles. 2011. DOI: 10.1021/es103607c
Element	Lithium (Li) , Nickel (Ni) , Cobalt (Co) , Manganese (Mn)
Industry	Energy Storage & Batteries , Automotive