Converters & Calculators
Lead: Element Properties And Uses
Description
Lead (Pb) is a dense, soft, bluish-grey metal. It is known for its corrosion resistance and malleability. It is used in batteries, in radiation shielding and in construction; however, prolonged exposure is toxic.
Introduction to the Element
Lead is a heavy metal with the chemical symbol Pb and an atomic number of 82. Historically, lead was valued for its malleability and corrosion resistance, which resulted in its extensive use in pipes, paints and in the production of ammunition. Despite its useful applications, lead is recognised for its toxicity. Consequently, its use in consumer products and in environmental protection is strictly regulated.
Chemical Properties
The element exhibits specific properties that determine its interactions with other substances. Lead typically exhibits an oxidation state of +2, although under certain conditions an oxidation state of +4 may be observed. In the presence of oxygen, lead forms oxides such as PbO, which further react to form various salts.
Its relatively low reactivity with water and air enables lead to remain stable under many environmental conditions. Its ability to form stable compounds is significant in many industrial processes, especially in the production of pigments and additives.
The formation of lead compounds has been thoroughly investigated with regard to their application in corrosion protection and protective coatings. Academic research confirms that these chemical behaviours make lead an important subject in both fundamental and applied chemistry.
Table of Data for Physical Properties
|
Property |
Value |
Unit |
|
Atomic Number |
82 |
- |
|
Atomic Mass |
207.2 |
g/mol |
|
Density |
11.34 |
g/cm³ |
|
Melting Point |
327.5 |
°C |
|
Boiling Point |
1749 |
°C |
For further information, please visit Stanford Advanced Materials (SAM).
Common Uses
Due to its specific combination of physical and chemical properties, lead finds wide application in various fields.
l One recognised use is the manufacture of lead-acid batteries. These batteries are essential for starting and operating vehicles.
lIts high density is utilised for radiation shielding in medical and nuclear facilities.
l Additionally, lead is employed in the production of protective coatings and solder. It is a valuable component in electronics and construction.
l Although the use of lead in paints and water pipes has declined because of health concerns, many industries continue to use lead while adhering to stringent safety standards.
Processing Methods and Industrial Products
The methods for extracting and processing lead are central to its industrial applications. Typically, lead is extracted from its primary ore, galena (lead sulphide), which is processed by smelting. During extraction, the ore is roasted, thereby converting the sulphide into an oxide, which is then reduced with carbon to produce metallic lead. These methods are refined to maximise yield while minimising impurities.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the atomic number of lead?
The atomic number of lead is 82.
How is lead usually extracted from its ore?
Lead is primarily obtained from galena by a smelting process that involves roasting and reduction.
How is lead commonly used in industry?
Lead is used in lead-acid batteries, for radiation shielding and as a component in various industrial products.
What are the main chemical properties of lead?
Lead typically exhibits an oxidation state of +2, forms stable compounds such as lead oxide and shows low reactivity with water.
Are there any safety concerns associated with lead?
Yes, due to its toxicity, exposure to lead should be minimised, and its use is regulated in many applications to protect health.
Chin Trento
