Essential metals in health and disease.

Title	Essential metals in health and disease.
Authors	Klaudia Jomova, Marianna Makova, Suliman Y Alomar, Saleh H Alwasel, Eugenie Nepovimova, Kamil Kuca, Christopher J Rhodes, Marian Valko
Magazine	Chemico-biological interactions
Date	11/01/2022
DOI	10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110173
Introduction	The human body relies on twenty essential elements for proper function, with half being metals. Key essential metals include main group elements such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium, alongside d-block transition metals such as manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, and molybdenum. Cells employ sophisticated metallo-regulatory mechanisms to maintain metal-ion homeostasis, crucial for various cellular processes, particularly within the central nervous system. Redox-active transition metals, such as iron and copper, participate in electron transfer reactions, necessitating tight homeostatic control. Unregulated redox metals can lead to the formation of reactive hydroxyl radicals, potentially damaging DNA, proteins, and membranes, often through reactions such as the Fenton reaction. Furthermore, transition metals are fundamental components of numerous enzymes, including Cu,Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and Catalase, facilitating chemical reactions at physiologically compatible rates. Both insufficient and excessive levels of these essential metals can contribute to various disease states, including neurological disorders (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's), mental health issues, cardiovascular conditions, cancer, and diabetes. A deeper comprehension of how essential metals operate, individually or in combination, and how they interact with non-essential metals such as chromium, demands a broader research strategy. Enhanced cooperation among bioinorganic chemists, biophysicists, and biologists is vital to advance the systems biology of metal ions and fully appreciate their roles in living systems under both healthy and diseased conditions. This paper reviews selected chemical and biological aspects of metal ions and their potential interactions within biological systems under normal and pathological states.
Quote	Klaudia Jomova, Marianna Makova and Suliman Y Alomar et al. Essential metals in health and disease.. Chemico-biological interactions. 2022. Vol. 367. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110173
Element	Sodium (Na) , Potassium (K) , Magnesium (Mg) , Calcium (Ca) , Manganese (Mn) , Cobalt (Co) , Copper (Cu) , Zinc (Zn) , Molybdenum (Mo) , Chromium (Cr)
Industry	Chemical & Pharmacy , Pharmaceutical Industry , Research & Laboratory