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Converters & Calculators
Actinium: Element Properties And Uses
Description
Actinium (Ac) is a radioactive, silvery‐white metal with atomic number 89. It is highly reactive and emits a weak glow in darkness as a result of its radioactivity. Actinium is used as a neutron source and in the treatment of cancer; however, it is rare and difficult to isolate.
Introduction to the Element
Actinium is a rare, naturally occurring radioactive metal with atomic number 89. The element appears as a soft, silvery‐white metal and reacts readily. It was discovered in the late 19th century and is classified within the actinide series of the periodic table. As a member of the actinides, actinium exhibits chemical behaviour that corresponds with that of the lanthanides.
Chemical Properties Description
Actinium exhibits chemical properties consistent with those of the actinide series. In its most stable form, actinium typically exhibits a +3 oxidation state. This oxidation state is common among its neighbouring elements, thereby facilitating the formation of compounds that are analogous to those formed by the lanthanides. In air, actinium oxidises readily and forms an oxide layer that protects its surface. In acidic environments, actinium dissolves and forms solutions containing actinium ions. These ions are central to its chemistry, as they enable the formation of various complexes with ligands such as fluoride and chloride. Researchers examine actinium compounds to acquire quantitative data on the behaviour of radioactive elements in different chemical environments.
Table with Data on Physical Properties
|
Property |
Value |
|
Atomic Number |
89 |
|
Atomic Mass |
Approximately 227 |
|
Density |
~10.07 g/cm³ |
|
Melting Point |
~1050 °C (approximately) |
|
Boiling Point |
~3200 °C (approximately) |
|
Common Oxidation State |
+3 |
For further information please visit Stanford Advanced Materials (SAM).
Common Uses
Actinium is used primarily in scientific research. Its radioactivity permits its use as a neutron source for specific experiments and for the calibration of nuclear reactors. In medicine, certain actinium isotopes are under evaluation for targeted radiotherapy in the treatment of specific cancers. Researchers and industry professionals utilise actinium to obtain empirical data on the performance of nuclear reactors and to refine radiation detection and safety systems.
Processing Methods
The processing of actinium begins with its extraction from uranium ores, in which it occurs in very low concentrations. The extraction process comprises several chemical separation steps, given that ion exchange chromatography is used to isolate actinium from other radioactive elements. Following separation, the element is further refined under controlled conditions to minimise contamination and to ensure the stability of the sample.
Frequently Asked Questions
For what is actinium primarily used?
Actinium is used mainly in scientific research as a neutron source and for nuclear calibration; it also has potential applications in targeted radiotherapy.
How is actinium typically obtained?
It is extracted from uranium ores using a series of chemical separation techniques, including ion exchange chromatography.
Why is actinium considered a rare element?
Actinium occurs naturally in extremely limited quantities and is present only in trace amounts in uranium deposits.
What are the key chemical characteristics of actinium?
Actinium exhibits a +3 oxidation state, reacts with oxygen to form a protective oxide layer, and dissolves in acids to yield actinium ions.
Are there industrial products in which actinium is used?
Yes, actinium is employed in certain industrial applications, including radiation detectors, calibration devices, and components within nuclear reactors.
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