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Converters & Calculators
Plutonium: Element Properties And Uses
Description
Plutonium is a radioactive element crucial to nuclear research. It is recognised for its particular chemical and physical properties, which permit advancements in both industry and the energy sector.
Introduction to the Element
Plutonium is a synthesised element that belongs to the Actinides and was first produced in the 1940s during nuclear reaction research. It is noted for its radioactivity and complex electron configuration. In scientific research, plutonium is acknowledged for its role in clarifying nuclear fission processes, which underpin modern nuclear energy and defence technology. Its capacity to sustain chain reactions has altered aspects of energy generation and defence strategies worldwide.
Chemical Properties Description
Plutonium exhibits a broad range of oxidation states, typically from +3 to +7. This variability contributes to its extensive chemistry and versatility in different chemical reactions. Its reactivity with oxygen and water results in the formation of several oxide compounds that are examined in laboratory settings. The element’s behaviour in various chemical environments renders it a subject of ongoing nuclear chemistry research.
Table of Physical Properties
|
Property |
Value |
Unit |
Notes |
|
Atomic number |
94 |
- |
Element of the Actinides series |
|
Atomic mass (Pu-239) |
239.05 |
amu |
Isotope frequently employed in reactors |
|
Density |
19.86 |
g/cm³ |
At room temperature |
|
Melting point |
639.4 |
°C |
For a specific allotrope |
|
Boiling point |
3228 |
°C |
Approximate value |
|
Crystal structure |
Complex |
- |
Exhibits multiple phases |
Further information can be found at Stanford Advanced Materials (SAM).
Common Uses
Plutonium is employed in both military and civil applications.
l In the defence sector plutonium is utilised for its ability to maintain rapid nuclear reactions, making it a critical component in the manufacture of nuclear weapons.
l In civil applications plutonium is used in nuclear reactors for electricity generation and in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) that power satellites and space probes.
l Furthermore its specific properties are employed in research for various scientific investigations, including the study of radioactive decay and the development of advanced materials.
Production Methods
Plutonium is generally produced by irradiating Uranium-238 in a nuclear reactor. Given that it undergoes neutron capture to form Uranium-239, the isotope then decays to Neptunium-239 and finally to Plutonium-239. This sequence is managed by refined chemical separation procedures to safely extract plutonium from irradiated fuel rods.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why is plutonium considered dangerous?
Plutonium is dangerous due to its high radioactivity and toxicity. Consequently, strict handling protocols are implemented to prevent exposure and contamination.
Which are the key plutonium isotopes used in industry?
The most commonly used isotope is Plutonium-239 for nuclear reactors and weapons, while Plutonium-240 and other isotopes also play significant roles.
How is plutonium separated from spent nuclear fuel?
The separation is performed using chemical processes wherein plutonium is extracted from irradiated uranium utilising solvent extraction and ion exchange methods.
Can plutonium be used for peaceful electricity generation?
Yes, when utilised in controlled environments such as nuclear reactors, plutonium can form part of a nuclear fuel cycle for electricity generation.
What measures exist to ensure the safe handling of plutonium?
Strict regulatory frameworks, advanced containment methods and specialised facilities are employed to minimise the risks associated with plutonium handling.
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