Aluminium, Arsenic, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Lead, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Platinum, Thallium, Titanium, Vanadium, and Zinc: Molecular Aspects in Experimental Liver Injury.

Title	Aluminium, Arsenic, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Lead, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Platinum, Thallium, Titanium, Vanadium, and Zinc: Molecular Aspects in Experimental Liver Injury.
Authors	Rolf Teschke
Magazine	International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Date	10/13/2022
DOI	10.3390/ijms232012213
Introduction	Experimental liver injury manifests through hepatocellular necrosis and abnormal liver tests due to heavy metals such as aluminium, arsenic, and others. These metals disrupt ecosystems, as they are non-biodegradable and toxic, accumulating primarily in the liver. Animal models are pivotal in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the injury. Heavy metals typically cause an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to oxidative stress, leading to radical binding with cellular macromolecules. Liver damage is exacerbated by iron through the Fenton reaction, activated when antioxidant defenses are depleted. Recent research highlights ferroptosis, a form of iron-dependent cell death, as a mechanism in nickel-induced liver damage. Nickel chloride increases iron in the liver, affecting protein expressions such as cyclooxygenase 2 and glutathione peroxidase 4, implicating mitochondrial damage in hepatic injury. Mercury interferes with liver function by altering transporter protein expressions, affecting biliary excretion. Novel findings indicate titanium's impact on gut microbiota, increasing lipopolysaccharides that exacerbate liver injury. These insights underscore ROS's role but also suggest additional factors such as iron reactions, transporter modifications, and gut bacteria endotoxins in liver damage processes.
Quote	Rolf Teschke. Aluminium, Arsenic, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Lead, Mercury, Molybdenum, Nickel, Platinum, Thallium, Titanium, Vanadium, and Zinc: Molecular Aspects in Experimental Liver Injury. Int J Mol Sci. 2022. Vol. 23(20):12213. DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012213
Element	Aluminum (Al) , Arsenic (As) , Beryllium (Be) , Chromium (Cr) , Cobalt (Co) , Copper (Cu) , Mercury (Hg) , Molybdenum (Mo) , Nickel (Ni) , Platinum (Pt) , Thallium (Tl) , Titanium (Ti) , Vanadium (V) , Zinc (Zn)
Materials	Metals and Alloys