The List of Materials for Infrared Applications

Introduction

Infrared applications have grown in importance over many years. Engineers and scientists often require materials that perform well under infrared light. This article examines several classes of materials. Each group possesses distinct strengths.

Fluoride Crystals (Calcium Fluoride, Barium Fluoride, Magnesium Fluoride)

Fluoride crystals such as calcium fluoride, barium fluoride, and magnesium fluoride are utilised in numerous optical systems. Their key property is high transparency in the infrared region. In many cases, these crystals are preferred for lenses and windows in high-power laser systems. For instance, calcium fluoride performs effectively in the near infrared range from 0.15 to 8 microns. Barium fluoride can cover a range up to 12 microns. Magnesium fluoride is noted for its durability and ease in coating surfaces. These features make fluoride crystals popular in fields such as space optics and advanced spectroscopy.

Chalcogenide Materials (Zinc Selenide, Zinc Sulfide, Germanium)

Chalcogenide materials such as zinc selenide, zinc sulfide, and germanium provide excellent transmission in the mid to far infrared regions. Germanium, for example, is used in thermal imaging due to its effective transmission between 2 and 14 microns. Zinc sulfide and zinc selenide are commonly employed in infrared windows and domes for missile guidance systems or thermal cameras. Their non-linear optical properties also render them useful in laser frequency conversion. Each of these materials exhibits a high refractive index and a specific transmission band that fits particular infrared applications very well.

Oxide Materials (Sapphire, Fused Silica, Yttrium Oxide)

Oxide materials are well known for their stability and durability. Sapphire is preferred for high-stress applications where toughness is required. It provides excellent optical clarity from the ultraviolet up to the mid infrared range. Fused silica is another common oxide. It is recognised for its low thermal expansion and capability to operate across a wide range of temperatures and wavelengths. Yttrium oxide is often used in high-temperature environments and demonstrates useful infrared transmission beyond 3 microns. The stability and optical quality of these oxides make them ideal for harsh environments, including aerospace applications.

Further reading: Sapphire, Ruby, and Alumina Substrates, How to Choose

Semiconductors for Infrared (Silicon, Gallium Arsenide, Indium Antimonide)

Semiconductor materials such as silicon, gallium arsenide, and indium antimonide occupy a significant role in infrared technology. Silicon functions well in the near infrared and is widely adopted in camera sensors and communication devices. Gallium arsenide provides efficient light conversion and high-temperature operation, making it common in space applications. Indium antimonide is a key material for longwave infrared detectors, typically used in thermal imaging cameras. These semiconductors offer an appropriate balance of electrical and optical properties to support sensitive infrared applications in many modern devices.

Specialty Glasses and Composites (Chalcogenide Glasses, Infrared-Grade Glass, Polymer Composites)

Specialty glasses and composites complete the list of materials employed for infrared applications. Chalcogenide glasses are well suited for mid and far infrared light. They possess high refractive indices and can be moulded into complex shapes for lenses and fibres. Infrared-grade glass is specially processed to eliminate impurities that absorb infrared radiation. Such glasses are widely used for high precision optical tests and laser systems. Polymer composites engineered for infrared use demonstrate promise in reducing weight while maintaining optical performance. These materials are particularly useful in wearable optics and lightweight imaging devices where space and weight are critical.

Applications across Infrared Spectrum

The selection of material depends on the specific infrared range required and the environment in which the device will operate.

Fluoride crystals, with their low absorption, are favoured in ultraviolet and short-wave infrared devices. Chalcogenide materials excel in high-end medical imaging systems, especially in thrust areas such as thermal sighting and quality control. Oxide materials maintain a secure position in high-stress and high-temperature environments, including industrial processing and aerospace applications. Semiconductors serve as the building blocks for detectors and sensors in both consumer and specialised equipment. Finally, specialty glasses and composites provide designers with flexibility while ensuring precise performance in imaging, sensing, and communication systems.

Each material type meets strict criteria set by optical engineering practices and cost considerations. For more material lists and comparisons, please visit Stanford Advanced Materials (SAM).

Frequently Asked Questions

F: Which material is best for thermal imaging?
Q: Indium antimonide is very common for longwave infrared thermal imaging.

F: Can silicon be used in all infrared ranges?
Q: Silicon performs well in the near infrared range but has limitations in the mid and far infrared.

F: Why is fused silica popular in harsh environments?
Q: Fused silica has low thermal expansion and high durability, making it ideal for challenging conditions.