How To Use Cerium Oxide

Introduction

Cerium, a rare-earth metal abundant in the Earth’s crust, is employed in both pharmaceutical and industrial sectors. It is available in several forms. Cerium dioxide, used in catalysts, fuel cells and as a fuel additive, has received considerable attention in the nanotechnology field. This article reviews the range of applications for cerium dioxide, discusses its practical uses and addresses environmental issues.

Historical Background of Cerium

Cerium in oxide form was first recognised in 1803. Scientists in Sweden and Germany reported the discovery concurrently. Jons Jacob Berzelius in Sweden introduced the term "Ceria" to describe the oxide. Cerium occurs in several mineral classes, including carbonates, phosphates, silicates, oxides and hydroxides. Industrial sources include minerals such as Bastnäsit and Monazite.

Applications of Cerium Dioxide

The insolubility of cerium dioxide in water and dilute acid enables its use as an abrasive. It is primarily used in the grinding and polishing of various materials. Historically, it was employed in the polishing of specialised glass, for example telescope mirrors. Cerium dioxide is also utilised in heat‐resistant alloy coatings and ceramic coatings.

Further reading: Applications of Cerium Dioxide in Polishing, Decolouration and Clarification

CeO2 Nanoparticles in Nanotechnology

CeO2 nanoparticles are employed in catalysts, fuel cells and the production of electronics. Their production in industrial facilities has raised environmental concerns. Studies modelling mass flow suggest that these nanoparticles may enter terrestrial environments and accumulate in landfills and soils.

Environmental Persistence and Challenges

Understanding the fate of CeO2 nanoparticles in the environment is essential, particularly in geochemical settings at low temperatures. Detection and quantification of these particles in various environmental media remains challenging. Reports indicate that aquatic and terrestrial organisms are exposed to CeO2 nanoparticles. This exposure may pose risks to human health and ecosystems. Conflicting data on the toxicological effects, which report both antioxidant activity and the production of reactive oxygen species, complicate future regulation and risk assessments.

Conclusion

Cerium dioxide has a well-documented history and is used in diverse applications in materials science. Its uses range from traditional polishing applications to those in nanotechnology. Proper procedures and environmental considerations must guide its application to ensure safe utilisation.